The French Revolution Essay - 895 Words

The French Revolution (1789-99) violently transformed France from a monarchical state with a rigid social hierarchy into a modern nation in which the social structure was loosened and power passed increasingly to the middle classes. There is considerable controversy over the causes of the Revolution. Marxist scholars emphasize material factors: as the population increased, food supplies grew short; land had become divided into such small parcels that most Frenchmen lived close to the subsistence level; and after 1776 agricultural recession forced property owners to exploit their sources of revenue. Marxists also maintain that commercial prosperity had stimulated the growth of a monied middle class that threatened the position of the†¦show more content†¦The Montagnard Convention then had to contend with invasion, royalist civil war, and widespread provincial revolts against quot;the dictatorship of Paris.quot; Initially, Georges Danton tried to placate the provinces, and the democratic Constitution of 1793 was approved by plebiscite and celebrated at a Festival of Unity. After July, however, Maximilien Robespierres influence prevailed, and armies were sent to subdue rebellious cities. When the city of Toulon voluntarily surrendered to the British, a demonstration in Paris compelled the National Convention to establish (September 5) the repressive regime known as the Terror. A fearful time ensued: the Committee of Public Safety strove to organize the economy and the war effort; the Revolutionary Tribunal sent state prisoners, including the Girondists, to the guillotine; and agents of the Convention known as Representatives of the People enforced bloody repression throughout France. During the ensuing period (1794-95) of the Thermidorian Reaction, government was so weakened that anarchy and runaway inflation almost overwhelmed the republic. In the southeast the royalists conducted a quot;white terror,quot; and in Paris gangs of draft-dodgers, called laSh ow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And French Revolutions2006 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough the American and French revolutions both took place in the late 18th century, both fought for independence, and both portrayed patriotism, the revolutions are markedly different in their origins; one which led to the world’s longest lasting democracy and the other to a Napoleonic Dictatorship. Political revolutions in America and France happened because people felt dissatisfied with the way their country was run. In North America they rebelled against rule from a foreign power, they wantedRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution was a time rife with violence, with many revolutionaries using extreme actions to overturn the French Monarchy and create a government based on equality and justice, rather than tyranny and despotism. This violence reached gruesome and terrible heights throughout the revolution, but was justified by the revolutionaries, who believed that their goals of total equality, the end of tyranny, and the return to a virtuous society, allowed them to use means necessary to attain theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1321 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution The French Revolution was an iconic piece of history that help shape the world. It was a time were great battles occurred. Blood sheds happen almost every day. The streets were red by the blood of bodies that were dragged from being beheaded. The economy was in bad shape. But before all of this the French had a few goals but there was one goal that they all wanted and that was to get rid of the monarchy. This idea did not arrive out of nowhere, the commoners were influenceRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. New Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe such as ideas on government. Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousenan believed that the best government was one formed with the general consent of the people. Other Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed in freedom of speech and a separation of power within the government. All of theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreRevolutions And The French Revolution956 Words   |  4 Pages Revolutions are a common occurrence throughout world history. With the amount of revolutions in history, there are those that get lost and those that are the most remembered or well known. One of the well known revolutions is the French Revolution which occurred in the years 1789 to 1799. Before the French Revolution, France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, this meaning that one ruler had the supreme authority and that said authority was not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customsRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pageswas an old fortress that had served as a royal prison and in which gunpowder was stored. This will be the place where Parisian crowds will lay siege on and use the gunpowder for their weapons, and this will become a great turning point in the French Revolution. 3) The Great Fear was the vast movement that the peasant insurgency of sacking nobles’ castles and burning documents would blend into. This attack was mainly because of seigneurial dues and church tithes that weighed heavily on many peasants

The Great Depression And The New Deal - 2393 Words

In the early 1920s, after the close of World War I a couple years earlier, Americans were seemingly prospering in their daily affairs. The nine-year span from 1920 to 1929 was filled with new and stirring changes; inventions, like automobiles powered by gas, innovative household appliances, like radios and vacuums, women’s suffrage, and more were taking off and changing the era. Companies were thriving in what was known as the Roaring Twenties. Stocks and production were greatly increasing too. This rise presented a shot for fortune, but also posed concern. More heavily in the fall of 1929, but even beginning in March, the economy began to plummet. There were secret issues surrounding the reflux of money for stocks and production, thus†¦show more content†¦Support was lost and there was no one left with the ability to invest and rescue it because it was too late. One day, â€Å"Black Thursday†, was when the panic had begun and people felt the need to sell their shares. The following week on what is known as â€Å"Black Tuesday†, prices were reaching all time lows. Confusion had begun to control the market. During this Great Crash investors lost everything. The Dow-Jones Industrial Average also plunged due to the collapse. All paper money was heading toward deletion. Pessimism over the situation was increasing and people realized they needed to be more careful in their investments. The confidence that was once in the system was gone and the reality of the situation set in (Causes of the Great Depression Great Depression and the New Deal Reference Library). The decline of the stock market was rapid and steep. Investors’ judgment with their dividends and stocks failed them because they ignored the warning signs and chased after wealth. Eugene White, an economics professor, concluded in 1990 that the only benefit for people to own stocks was to make a profit off of them rising. Investors in the market tried to make profits but t heir money was theoretical. Some had difficulties paying back money owed, leading to massive debt. All of the debt led to instability throughout the

Importance of Cyber Security for Computer System Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Security. Answer: Definition: Cyber Security can be defined as the protective measure for the computer system, data information, and networking. The development of Internet facility and explosion of the network theory had deployed some threats to the users of the Internet in terms of their security and functionality. The system needs protection from external infiltration and major threats like cyber espionage, cyber warfare, and cyber terrorism and it would help in preventing the unapproved access to information. (What is Cyber security?, 2016) Importance of Cyber Security: The computer technology had seen a major growth of operations and increase of functionality. The passage of time had resulted in forming a debate on the aspects of the cyber security model for the operations of the organization. The improvement of the operations had caused the influence of cyber security and its perspective to expand from the legal compliance. It is anticipated that the ability of learning in cyber security is as important as the ability of monitoring. The cyber security is much influenced by the use of compliance because most of the organizations have been accommodating s specific range of legislative policies and laws of cyber security. It is important for understanding the incident trends and external developments of cyber threats so that they would be able to understand the policies and strategies would be helpful for combating the cyber criminal activities. The cyber security strategy and policy had been based for the improvement and continuous development of the operations (KPMG LLP (U.S.), 2014). It is very important for understanding the threats and development of the methods for dealing with the issues of the cyber crimes. The approach of analysing and forming the threat mitigation strategies would form the development of the systematic and concise development of the high security system. The process cannot be limited to the monitoring and smart analysis of internal and external trends of the organization. The precautions of the cyber security would be helpful for making an appropriate development of the security investments. However, the strategic approach is not being utilized by many organizations in practice and they work on the compliance instead of utilizing the data available to them (KPMG LLP (U.S.), 2014). The security measures of the company compel the obligations and adopt the customized approach of cyber security in the organization. The difference between the risk of companies doing global operation and the cyber crime activities in a local entrepreneur is vast. It is possible that one might have efficient resources for detecting and preventing the cyber crime activities while on the other hand one might be vulnerable for the attack and prone to using IT system with sensitive information and data (KPMG LLP (U.S.), 2014). The case study of Rebecca Minkoff is selected for the theft security Rebecca Minkoff is accustomed for knowing which asset to protect and its appropriate method. Theft is considered as risk and it is accepted that there is no scope for securing the 100% of security for the business The focusing on the preventive measure is followed and it allows in leaving valuable goods. For continuity of business, it is important for investing in the tools Lessons should be learnt when any problem is faced or about to face It is important for training the employees for reduction of theft and talking with them for any mistakes Encryption is a modified method of keeping the information in the system secured and unreachable to hackers and cyber criminals. It is an algorithmic operation on the sets of data for converting it to a non-readable form. The non readable form is termed as cipher text and it helps in providing the privacy of the data through encryption. Many big banks and organizations keep the information of their customers such a account number, data, personal information, and account information secured from external infiltration by the use of encryption. The encryption is termed to as en-to-end encryption and it helps in ensuring that plain text is not transferred in the Internet connection. The siphoned data is virtually useless of the cyber criminals and fraudsters (Corporation, 2010 Pg. 11).

Lisa Benton free essay sample

Introduction According to this case, we know that Lisa Benton is frustrated about her job in Houseworld. She cannot get the marketing training which most attracted her to this company at the beginning, and she also cannot build a good relationship with her boss, Deborah Linton, and the senior associate in her department, Ron Scoville. Lisa thinks this is one of most important things in her job. In this case study, I will discuss Lisas relationship in the Home Care Division, how did she use her power within the organization, and how can she do in order to develop her power in Houseworld. The relationship between Lisa and her organization Ill try to answer these questions in each relationship: what type of power did Lisa have? How did her power get blocked? Lisa-Linton Because of Bob Mitchell, the vice president of marketing, the recruiting practice has emphasized recruiting MBAs from top-notch schools for entry-level marketing positions. This decision makes it difficult for Linton, also Scoville, to be promoted. This fosters their negative attitudes toward MBAs, especially Harvard MBAs. Unfortunately. Lisa got her Harvard MBA which didnt make a good first impression on Linton. Because of Lisas background, Linton didnt give Lisa a good welcome which made her upset and disappointed. According to her experience, she expected that she could get along with everyone well, including her boss. Besides Linton, Richard Clark, Home Care group Product Manager, seemed to have totally forgotten her. Lisa expects an enthusiastic welcome, but she received an opposite responses which will not fulfill her emotional needs and also will reduce her motivation in her department. Because Linton doesnt like Lisa, it seems that she ignored Lisas ability on purpose and did not assign Lisa a challenging task. Linton uses traditional first line supervisory methods that block Lisa. Using Lintons legitimate as well as her coercive power base is not appropriate for Lisa. These two kinds of power bases are both suitable for low to middle task maturity. In these task maturities, the situational leaderships are telling and selling which mean that employees need to have appropriate task dir ections and opportunities to have two-way communications with their managers. Linton failed Lisa by assuming that her task maturity was low. Since Lisa did a reat job when she was in her full-time internship, she may have enough job skills to develop her expert power. But she failed to do this due to her intimidating conversations with Scoville and Linton. Lisa chose to keep silent when she had opportunities to speak. Also, Lintons behavior blocked Lisas development of her expert power. When Lisa first came into her office, Linton was discussing business with Scoville and she asked Lisa to leave. On another occasion, Linton quickly covered up what she was writing and dismissed Lisa by saying that she was too busy to help Lisa at that time. Besides blocking Lisa from a challenging job, Linton also refused to communicate with Lisa and failed to deal with the problems between Lisa and Scoville. There are several times when Lisa had questions, but Linton refused to answer her right away. Also, the customary performance review that Lisa asked for, Linton should have scheduled automatically, but she didnt. When Lisa complained about Scoville to her, she always said that Scoville is nice, and she doesnt have problems with him. Although Linton promised to assign them discrete projects more than once, she still did nothing about dealing with their problems. According to expectancy theory, if Linton wants Lisa and Scoville to get along well, she should really do something to help them. If she cannot do something helpful, she cannot expect that they will try to get along with each other. Linton used her legitimate power to restrict Lisa from developing her expert power. Lisa-Scoville Scoville has the same attitudes toward MBAs as Linton does, since he did not have his MBA, which is one of the reasons that he had difficulties being promoted. The relationship between he and Linton is somewhat intimate, and they were rumored to be having an affair. Their closed relationship isolated Lisa from them. Because Scoville has some legitimate power over Lisa, he talked to Lisa in a condescending way but he never supported Lisa in her job. On the other hand, Scoville used his position to ask Lisa do some gopher tasks and didnt care about whether Lisa was busy at her own job or not. Besides his negative attitude toward Lisas background, Scovilles personality made him less acceptable to most of his colleagues. When he needed help, his coworkers always refused to give him a hand, but they were always willing to help Lisa. But Scoville failed to realize that Lisa has some reward power over him. Lisa could always ask others to help but he could not. If Scoville used his expert power rather than his legitimate power over Lisa, both of them would have obtained more benefits from their good interactions. Lisa-peer group The relationship between Lisa and her peers was the best part of her relationship to her organization. Lisa is good at getting along with people since she worked in Right-Away Stores, and she has that kind of personality that makes friends easily. It was a piece of cake for Lisa to have good relationships with her coworkers. Due to Lisas personality, she can develop her information power with her good peer relationships. But Lisa failed to transfer the information power that she gained from her peers to her relationship with Vernon. Ill discuss how Lisa failed to develop her information power in the relationship between Lisa-Vernon,. Lisa-Vernon In this case, Vernon seemed to be the best person to listen to Lisas problems between Linton and Scoville. He agreed that Lisa had enough job skills when Lisa did a good job on one important memo. Because he knew Lisas job ability, he didnt think Lisa should do a secretarys job since she was hired as an assistant product manager. He was, unlike Linton and Scoville, willing to encourage Lisa to develop her expert power in the organization. Because Vernon is linked to the top management, Lisa has strong information power over him since she had good relationship with other coworkers. Vernon opened a communication channel to Lisa instead of restricting her information power. However, Lisa did not take advantage of this chance. She only mentioned that she could not get along with Scoville well, but didnt talk about the problems with Linton which were the main reason for Lisas dissatisfaction with the company. What can Lisa do about it? In our class discussion, there were two ways that make people who have powers hold onto these powers. First, emphasize your importance in this organization. Second, decrease your dependence on this organization. How can Lisa emphasize her importance in the company? We can discuss this in three different aspects: Lisa-Linton, Lisa-Scoville, and Lisa-Vernon. Because Lisa thought she is in a learner process, she didnt express her opinions when they had meetings. This behavior made her boss, Linton, think that Lisa lacked confidence, and she didnt feel that Lisa really had strong job skills. Lisa should have expressed her intelligent opinions. By doing so, although Linton blocked her development of expert power, Lisa still could have developed her expert power over Linton gradually. On the other hand, Lisa should keep her good relationship with her peers and use this to her advantage. Scoville didnt get along with other people well in this organization, so he seldom got others help. Lisa could try to be a buffer between Scoville and other peers. If Lisa encouraged others to give him a hand, Scoville would realize that Lisa had a reward power which would give him some benefits. The last thing that Lisa should do to develop her power is communicate with Vernon. Since Vernon recoganizes her job abilities, he was willing to help her solve her problems, including the relationship between Linton and Scoville. She should tell Vernon the truth and the problem that she really experienced. As we know, Vernon is a top manager, so he cannot understand every detail in organization. But this detail may be the reason that decreases productivity. He needs to access this information. If Lisa can reflect on her problems, she can help Vernon deal with the morale problem, and she also can solve her own problems. After Lisa develops her different power bases in the organization, she can hold her power by decreasing her dependence on this organization. Since Lisa did a great job at Right-Away Stories, her boss, Scott Kingston, really wants her to stay there. Besides, Lisa doesnt have living problems which means she doesnt have to keep this job. To her, working in Houseworld is an optional decision. If Lisa develops her power in Houseworld successfully, she could use this strategic method to hold her power. Although Scott Kingston had been angry at Lisas rejection of his offer, Lisa is very sure that she could return to Right-Away Stores, since Scott Kingston still spoke highly of her contribution to the organization.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Project Management

Project management is a unique process of doing things in the most appropriate manner. It is a special process that is used to plan, operate, and monitor projects. Its major objectives are achieving project goals effectively and solving specific problems. It is the way of managing changes to meet some specific obligations through the introduction of new ideas or improving the existing ones.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It focuses on controlling the introduction of desired change by planning what need to be done, when, by whom, and at what standard. The managers are responsible of overseeing the project through team building, coordinate the work of different people, and monitoring how the work is done until the final results are attained. Project management has both advantages and disadvantages thus the managers need to maximize on advantages as they minimize on the disadvantages. The first advantage of employing project management is that it yields to efficiency in service delivery. This is because it provides a direction to be followed to get to completion easily. Project management helps in forecasting the areas that can cause delays and plan on how they can be avoided before the commencement of the project. They help in estimating the scenarios that are likely to occur and therefore, the managers can decide on the appropriate cause of action to take to ensure there is efficiency and effectiveness in operations. This facilitates customer satisfaction, which ensures that the business create a wider market share that in turn increases profitability. Project management tools facilitate the development and maintenance of artifacts such as project schedule. This helps in analyzing complex situation that would take long to analysis without the aid of these tools. They ease the process of recording, linking an d analyzing data thus ensuring smooth flow of the project within designated project stages. Another advantage is that management projects facilitate objective comparison of alternative actions by providing repeatable results. Managers can apply the same strategies that contributed to successful completion of one project to other projects in the future without rigidity because they leave room for flexibility. The managers can opt to take another direction if they discover a better method of improving the project.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This increases the chances of the quality and quantity of production since implementing the basic project management strategies helps in narrowing focus. When the focus is directed to some specific and achievable goals, they can be attained at a reasonable time span and within the budgeted costs. The main disadvantages associable with project management are of overheads, obsession, and lack of creativity. Overheads that relate to Project management include cost, time, and communication overheads. Cost overheads are financial obligations that need to be met to ensure that the project is carried out effectively. Organization need to hire more managers who ensure that the project is carried out appropriately, and the required outcome is achieved. There are direct costs that are involved in training the project managers, developing programs, and changing the organization to align with the project demands. Communication overheads increase due to the introduction of another level in the management team that breaks the flow of information. The information ceases to move from functional manager to team manager, but a third department of project manager is involved. Time overheads come as a result of delayed communication and other protocols that need to be followed. Obsession is in the mind of the project managers. It ca n be methodology, process, or stakeholder obsession. In most cases, obsession is triggered by the fear of loss of control and other insecurities from the managers. Lack of creativity can be procedural or administrative. Procedural non-creativity results from rigid procedures and fixed time span being set to perform tasks. Administrative non-creativity comes as a result of following the set procedures without improving. In conclusion, project management can be both advantageous and disadvantageous to the company. Managers responsible in running project management should be keen to ensure that the project work for the best of the company. this is achieved by ensuring that they maximize on advantages and develop ways to minimize on disadvantages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Project Management was written and submitted by user Jesse Delaney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Best Review Books for the SSAT and ISEE

The Best Review Books for the SSAT and ISEE Students applying to private school for admission into grades five through twelve and the postgraduate year must take private school admissions tests such as the ISEE and SSAT. Each year, more than 60,000 students take the SSAT alone. These tests are considered to be a crucial part of the admission process, and schools consider a students performance on the test as an indicator of potential success. As such, its important to prepare for the tests and do your best.   The ISEE and SSAT are slightly different tests. The SSAT contains sections that ask students analogies, synonyms, reading comprehension, and math questions, and the ISEE includes synonyms, fill-in-the-sentence-blanks, reading comprehension, and math sections, and both tests include an essay, which is not graded but is sent to the schools to which the students are applying. Students can prepare for these exams by using one of the review guides on the market. Here are some of the guides and what they offer to prepare students for these tests: Barron's SSAT/ISEE This book includes review sections and practice tests. The section on word roots is particularly helpful, as it introduces students to common word roots that they can use to build their vocabulary. The end of the book includes two practice SSAT tests and two practice ISEE tests. The only drawback is that the practice tests are only for students taking the middle- or upper-level tests, meaning that students taking the lower-level tests (students who are currently in grades 4 and 5 for the ISEE and students who are currently in grades 5-7 for the SSAT) should use a different review guide that includes lower-level tests. Some test-takers have reported that the math problems on the practice tests in Barrons book are harder than those on the actual test. McGraw-Hill's SSAT and ISEE McGraw-Hills book includes a review of the content on the ISEE and SSAT, strategies for test-taking, and six practice tests. The practice tests for the ISEE include lower-level, middle-level, and upper-level tests, meaning that students can get more specific practice for the test they will be taking. The strategies for the essay section are particularly helpful, as they explain to students the process of writing the essay and provide samples of written and revised essays. Cracking the SSAT and ISEE Written by the Princeton Review, this study guide includes updated practice materials and a review of the content on both tests. Their hit parade of the most commonly occurring vocabulary words is helpful, and the book offers five practice tests, two for the SSAT and one for each level of the ISEE (lower-, middle-, and upper-level). The Kaplan SSAT and ISEE Kaplans resource offers students a review of the content on each section of the test, as well as practice questions and strategies for test-taking. The book contains three practice tests for the SSAT and three practice tests for the ISEE, covering the lower-, middle-, and upper-level exams. The exercises in the book provide a great deal of practice for potential test-takers. This book is especially good for lower-level ISEE test-takers, as it provides practice tests geared to their level. The best way students can use these books is to review unfamiliar content and to then take practice tests under timed conditions. Students should be sure to look at not only the content of the tests but also the strategies for each section, and they should also follow sound test-taking strategies. For example, they should not get stuck on any one question, and they should use their time wisely. Students should start practicing several months in advance so they are prepared for the test. Students and parents can also learn more about the way the tests are scored  so they can prepare for their results. Different schools require different tests, so be sure to check with the school you are applying to about which tests they require. Many private schools will accept either test, but the SSAT seems to be the more preferred option for schools. Students applying as juniors or older often have the option to submit PSAT or SAT scores instead of the SSAT. Ask the admission office if that is acceptable though.

Law and Some Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law and Some Questions - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that it is possible to distinguish between the principles of common and civil law. Civil law here in referees to the laws through which civil bodies constitute themselves, a good example is the socialist law and the catholic canonical laws. However, when it comes to common law, things are different, in it, there is a judge based precedence hence abiding the law. Historically, a lot of religious laws played a very major role I the solving and settling of a lot of social conflicts. Let it be acknowledged that in modern religious communities and most particularly the Jewish community and the Islamic community in relation to the Sharia law are the common religious laws in use.This study stresses that adjudication of laws is usually mainly divided into two sections these are criminal law and civil law. Criminal law in this particular case deals with activities that are considered harmful or disrupt the existing social order, hence, those found guilty might be imprisoned or receive other forms of punishment. There is no need of confusing the elements of a civil law, with that of a criminal law. However, it is under the principles of civil law that a special kind of law exists. Law has its own legal theories, many of which exist due to philosophical works. The philosophical work of law is referred to as jurisprudence. In the field of law, a contract is generally consider as an agreement which is lawful and participants enter in it voluntarily. Â